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===Vertebral body ===
===Vertebral body ===
The vertebral body is made up of spongy bone (substantia spongiosa) covered by a dense outer layer (substantia compacta). The upper and lower surfaces are called the superior and inferior plates, and they are connected by intervertebral discs.
The vertebral body is made up of spongy bone surrounded by a dense outer layer of compact bone. The upper and lower surfaces are called the superior and inferior plates, and they are connected by intervertebral discs.


===Vertebral arch===
===Vertebral arch===
This part extends from the back of the vertebral body and forms a protective ring around the spinal cord, creating the vertebral [[Corpus:Foramen|foramen]]. Collectively, all these foramina form the [[Corpus:Spinal canal|spinal canal]]. Notches in the vertebral arch create openings (intervertebral foramina) through which [[Corpus:Spinal nerve|spinal nerves]] exit.
This part extends from the back of the vertebral body and forms a protective ring around the spinal cord, creating the vertebral [[Corpus:Foramen|foramen]]. Together, all these foramina form the [[Corpus:Spinal canal|spinal canal]]. Notches in the vertebral arch create openings (intervertebral foramina) through which [[Corpus:Spinal nerve|spinal nerves]] exit.


===Vertebral processes===
===Vertebral processes===
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* Superior and inferior articular processes: These form intervertebral joints, allowing movement between vertebrae.
* Superior and inferior articular processes: These form intervertebral joints, allowing movement between vertebrae.


==Peculiarities of the vertebral structure==
==Features of the vertebral structure==
===1st cervical vertebra (atlas) ===
===1st cervical vertebra (atlas) ===
The 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) is a ring-shaped vertebra without vertebral body and spinous process. A distinction is made between this bone:
The atlas is a ring-shaped vertebra that lacks a vertebral body and spinous process. It is made up of:
*anterior arch of the atlas (arcus anterior atlantis) with the fovea dentis on the inside, the tuberculum anterius atlantis is on the outside
*anterior arch of the [[Corpus:Atlas|atlas]] with the fovea dentis on the inside and the tuberculum anterius atlantis is on the outside
*Posterior arch of the atlas (Arcus posterior atlantis) with spinous process rudiment (Tuberculum posterius atlantis)
*Posterior arch of the atlas with a spinous process rudiment
*Massae laterales atlantis between the anterior and posterior arch of the atlas
*Lateral masses between the anterior and posterior arch of the atlas
The articular surfaces of the atlas are
The articular surfaces of the atlas are
*2 Facies articulares superiores
*2 superior articular surfaces
*2 Facies articulares inferiores
*2 inferior articular surfaces
*1 Fovea dentis
*1 Fovea dentis
The two facies articulares superiores together with the os occipitale form the atlantooccipital joint.
The two superior articular surfaces form the [[Corpus:Atlantooccipital joint|atlantooccipital joint]] together with the [[Corpus:Occipital bone|occipital bone]].


===2nd cervical vertebra (axis)===
===2nd cervical vertebra (axis)===
The 2nd cervical vertebra, also known as the axis, is the cervical vertebra with the largest bone mass. Its main feature is the dens axis, which forms the atlantoaxial joint with the atlas. Its articular surfaces are  
The 2nd cervical vertebra, also known as the [[Corpus:Axis|axis]], has the largest bone mass among the cervical vertebrae. Its main feature is the [[Corpus:Dens axis|dens axis]], a peg-like structure, that forms the [[Corpus:Atlantoaxial joint|atlantoaxial joint]] with the atlas. Its articular surfaces include:  
*1 Facies articularis anterior on the dens axis
*anterior articular surface on the dens
*1 Facies articularis posterior on the dens
*posterior articular surface on the dens
*2 Facies articulares superiores on the vertebral arch
*two superior articular surfaces on the vertebral arch
*2 Processus articulares inferiores on the vertebral arch
*two inferior articular surfaces on the vertebral arch


===Chest vertebrae===
===Chest vertebrae===
The main feature of the thoracic vertebrae are the articular surfaces, which articulate with the ribs. A distinction is made between:
The key features of the thoracic vertebrae are the articular surfaces, which articulate with the [[Corpus:Rib|ribs]]. Their distinctive structures include:
*2 Processus articulares superiores and inferiores
 
*2 Foveae costales superiores and inferiores on the vertebral body
* two superior and inferior articular processes
*2 transverse costal processes on the transverse process
* two superior and inferior costal facets ans the vertebral body
* two transverse costal facets on the transverse process


===Lumbar vertebrae===
===Lumbar vertebrae===
The lumbar vertebrae have a smaller sagittal than transverse diameter. Instead of the transverse processes, there are rib rudiments, the so-called processus costales. The transverse processes themselves appear as processus accessorii. The processus mamillares are found on the back of the upper articular processes (processus articulares superiores).
Lumbar vertebrae are characterized by their large size and a smaller sagittal (front-to-back) diameter compared to their transverse diameter. Unique features include:
 
* costal processes: rib rudiments that replace the transverse processes
* accessory processes: small bony projections representing the true transverse processes
* mammillary processes: found on the back of the upper articular processes


===Os sacrum===
===Os sacrum===
The 5 sacral vertebrae are fused to form the triangular Os sacrum. A distinction is made between:
The [[Corpus:Sacrum|sacrum]] is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae into a triangular-shaped bone. Its key regions include:
*Basis ossis sacri: upper part of the Os sacrum
 
*Apex ossis sacri: lower part of the Os sacrum
* Base of the sacrum: broad upper part of the bone
*Facies pelvica: anterior surface with lineae transversae and lateral foramina sacralia anteriora
* Apex of the sacrum: pointed lower end that articulates with the coccyx.
*Facies dorsalis: posterior surface with Crista sacralis mediana (corresponds to Proc. spinosi), Crista sacralis medialis (corresponds to Proc. articulares), Crista sacralis lateralis (corresponds to Proc. transversi) and Foramina sacralia posteriora
* Pelvic surface: front side of the sacrum, characterized by transverse ridges and anterior sacral foramina
*Pars lateralis: also known as ala ossis sacri, with facies auricularis
* Dorsal surface: back side of the sacrum with median sacral crest (corresponding to spinous processes), medial sacral crest (corresponding to articular processes), lateral sacral crest (corresponding to transverse processes) and posterior sacral foramina
The sacral canal is a continuation of the spinal canal (vertebral canal). It opens caudally in the sacral hiatus.
* Lateral part: also called the alae of the sacrum, including the auricular surface
 
The sacral canal is a continuation of the spinal canal, which opens at the bottom through the sacral hiatus.


===Os coccygis===
===Os coccygis===
The Os coccygis forms the lowest part of the spinal column. It consists of 4-5 coccygeal vertebrae, which are connected and synostosised by synchondroses.
The [[Corpus:Coccyx|coccyx]] is the lowest part of the spine, consisting of 4–5 small coccygeal vertebrae. These vertebrae are connected by cartilage (synchondroses) and eventually fuse together (synostosis) in adulthood.


==Intervertebral discs (Disci intervertebrales)==
==Intervertebral discs (Disci intervertebrales)==
The intervertebral discs are discs of fibrous cartilage that lie between the vertebral bodies. They have a collagen-fibrous outer layer, the annulus fibrosus, which surrounds an inner zone of fibrous cartilage and a gelatinous nucleus (nucleus pulposus).
[[Corpus:Intervertebral disc|Intervertebral discs]] are fibrocartilaginous structures located between the vertebral bodies. They consist of a tough, fibrous outer layer made of collagen fibers, called the annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus surrounds a soft, gelatinous core, the Nucleus pulposus. It acts as a cushion and absorbs shocks.
 
Together with the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral discs form the intervertebral symphysis.
Together with the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral discs form the intervertebral symphysis.


==Ligaments of the spinal column==
==Ligaments of the spinal column==
*between the vertebral bodies:
**Ligamentum longitudinale posterius: on the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies
**Ligamentum longitudinale anterius: on the front surface of the vertebral bodies


*between the vertebral arches:
* Between the vertebral bodies
**Ligamenta flava
** [[Corpus:Posterior longitudinal ligament|Posterior longitudinal ligament]]: Runs along the back surface of the vertebral bodies.
** [[Corpus:Anterior longitudinal ligament|Anterior longitudinal ligament]]: Covers the front surface of the vertebral bodies.
 
*Between the vertebral arches:
**[[Corpus:Ligamenta flava|Ligamenta flava]]


*between the transverse and spinous processes:
*Between the transverse and spinous processes:
**Ligamenta intertransversaria: between the transverse processes
**[[Corpus:Intertransverse ligament|Intertransverse ligaments]]: connect adjacent transverse processes
**Ligamenta interspinalia: between the spinous processes
**[[Corpus:Interspinous ligament|Interspinous ligaments]]: connect the spinous processes
**supraspinous ligament: between the tips of the spinous processes
**[[Corpus:Supraspinous ligament|Supraspinous ligament]]: links the tips of the spinous processes
**Ligamentum nuchae: between the occiput and the supraspinous ligament
**[[Corpus:Ligamentum nuchae|Ligamentum nuchae]]: between the occipital bone and the supraspinous ligament


*between sacrum and coccyx:
*Between sacrum and coccyx:
**Ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius superficiale
**[[Corpus:Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament|Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament]]
**posterior sacrococcygeal ligament profundum: continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
**[[Corpus:Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament|Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament]]: continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
**Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament: continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament
**[[Corpus:Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament|Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament]]: continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament
**Ligamenta sacrococcygea lateralia
**[[Corpus:Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament|Lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments]]


==Blood supply==
==Blood supply==
The venous drainage from the vertebral bodies and the surrounding ligamentous apparatus takes place via the external vertebral venous plexus and the internal vertebral venous plexus.
The venous drainage from the vertebral bodies and the surrounding ligamentous apparatus occurs via the [[Corpus:External vertebral venous plexus|external vertebral venous plexus]] and the [[Corpus:Internal vertebral venous plexus|internal vertebral venous plexus]].


==Clinic==
==Clinic==
Diseases of the spine fall under the speciality of orthopaedics. They can be caused by traumatic, degenerative or other causes.
Diseases of the spine fall under the speciality of orthopaedics. They can be caused by traumatic, degenerative or other causes.
*Spinal deformities
*Spinal deformities
**Scolioses
**Scoliosis
**Gibbus
**Gibbus
**Wedge vertebrae
**Wedge vertebrae
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**Vertebral body haemangiomas
**Vertebral body haemangiomas


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[[Kategorie:Corpus]]
[[Kategorie:Corpus]]
[[Kategorie:Spine]]
[[Kategorie:Spine]]

Aktuelle Version vom 3. Dezember 2024, 17:49 Uhr

Synonyms: backbone, spine

Definition

The spinal column is a vital part of the skeleton. It provides flexible support for the body and bears the weight of the head, neck, torso, and upper limbs. It also houses the spinal cord, a crucial part of the central nervous system. The spinal column is a defining structural feature of vertebrates.

The individual segments of the spinal column are called vertebrae. The human spine consists of 24 vertebrae, which are connected by intervertebral discs and various ligaments.

Shape of the spinal column

When viewed from the side, the human spine has a double S-shape:

  • Lordosis occurs in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions, where the spine curves forward (convex ventrally or concave dorsally).
  • Kyphosis is found in the thoracic (mid-back) and sacral (pelvic) regions, where the spine curves backward (concave ventrally or convex dorsally).

When viewed from the front or back, the spine appears almost straight. A sideways curvature of the spine is called scoliosis. The normal shape of the spine is maintained by ligaments connecting the vertebrae and by the active support of the back muscles.

The spine, acting like a flexible spring, allows humans to stand and walk upright. It also helps absorb shocks caused by movement, protecting the brain from impact.

Division

The spinal column is divided into five sections:

Basic structure of the vertebrae

Each vertebra has three main parts: the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and various processes.

Vertebral body

The vertebral body is made up of spongy bone surrounded by a dense outer layer of compact bone. The upper and lower surfaces are called the superior and inferior plates, and they are connected by intervertebral discs.

Vertebral arch

This part extends from the back of the vertebral body and forms a protective ring around the spinal cord, creating the vertebral foramen. Together, all these foramina form the spinal canal. Notches in the vertebral arch create openings (intervertebral foramina) through which spinal nerves exit.

Vertebral processes

  • Transverse processes: Extend laterally from the vertebral arch.
  • Spinous process: Extends dorsally (toward the back).
  • Superior and inferior articular processes: These form intervertebral joints, allowing movement between vertebrae.

Features of the vertebral structure

1st cervical vertebra (atlas)

The atlas is a ring-shaped vertebra that lacks a vertebral body and spinous process. It is made up of:

  • anterior arch of the atlas with the fovea dentis on the inside and the tuberculum anterius atlantis is on the outside
  • Posterior arch of the atlas with a spinous process rudiment
  • Lateral masses between the anterior and posterior arch of the atlas

The articular surfaces of the atlas are

  • 2 superior articular surfaces
  • 2 inferior articular surfaces
  • 1 Fovea dentis

The two superior articular surfaces form the atlantooccipital joint together with the occipital bone.

2nd cervical vertebra (axis)

The 2nd cervical vertebra, also known as the axis, has the largest bone mass among the cervical vertebrae. Its main feature is the dens axis, a peg-like structure, that forms the atlantoaxial joint with the atlas. Its articular surfaces include:

  • anterior articular surface on the dens
  • posterior articular surface on the dens
  • two superior articular surfaces on the vertebral arch
  • two inferior articular surfaces on the vertebral arch

Chest vertebrae

The key features of the thoracic vertebrae are the articular surfaces, which articulate with the ribs. Their distinctive structures include:

  • two superior and inferior articular processes
  • two superior and inferior costal facets ans the vertebral body
  • two transverse costal facets on the transverse process

Lumbar vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae are characterized by their large size and a smaller sagittal (front-to-back) diameter compared to their transverse diameter. Unique features include:

  • costal processes: rib rudiments that replace the transverse processes
  • accessory processes: small bony projections representing the true transverse processes
  • mammillary processes: found on the back of the upper articular processes

Os sacrum

The sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae into a triangular-shaped bone. Its key regions include:

  • Base of the sacrum: broad upper part of the bone
  • Apex of the sacrum: pointed lower end that articulates with the coccyx.
  • Pelvic surface: front side of the sacrum, characterized by transverse ridges and anterior sacral foramina
  • Dorsal surface: back side of the sacrum with median sacral crest (corresponding to spinous processes), medial sacral crest (corresponding to articular processes), lateral sacral crest (corresponding to transverse processes) and posterior sacral foramina
  • Lateral part: also called the alae of the sacrum, including the auricular surface

The sacral canal is a continuation of the spinal canal, which opens at the bottom through the sacral hiatus.

Os coccygis

The coccyx is the lowest part of the spine, consisting of 4–5 small coccygeal vertebrae. These vertebrae are connected by cartilage (synchondroses) and eventually fuse together (synostosis) in adulthood.

Intervertebral discs (Disci intervertebrales)

Intervertebral discs are fibrocartilaginous structures located between the vertebral bodies. They consist of a tough, fibrous outer layer made of collagen fibers, called the annulus fibrosus. The annulus fibrosus surrounds a soft, gelatinous core, the Nucleus pulposus. It acts as a cushion and absorbs shocks.

Together with the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral discs form the intervertebral symphysis.

Ligaments of the spinal column

Blood supply

The venous drainage from the vertebral bodies and the surrounding ligamentous apparatus occurs via the external vertebral venous plexus and the internal vertebral venous plexus.

Clinic

Diseases of the spine fall under the speciality of orthopaedics. They can be caused by traumatic, degenerative or other causes.

  • Spinal deformities
    • Scoliosis
    • Gibbus
    • Wedge vertebrae
  • Spinal trauma
    • Vertebral fracture
    • Cervical spine distortion (whiplash injury)
  • Degenerative diseases of the spine
    • Osteoporosis
    • Intervertebral disc prolapse
  • Spinal tumours
    • Bone metastases of the spine
    • Vertebral body haemangiomas