Corpus: Cervical lymph nodes: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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Definition

The cervical lymph nodes are the lymph nodes located in the neck area.

Classification

There are more than 300 cervicofacial lymph nodes, which vary in number, distribution, and location. Their classification is not consistent across anatomical literature. In addition to anatomical classifications, various clinical nomenclatures exist, particularly in oncology and surgery.

...anatomical

Anatomically, cervical lymph nodes can be classified based on two aspects:

...according to their position in relation to the superficial leaf of the cervical fascia

Superficial cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales)
Deep cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales profundi)

...according to their location on the neck

Anterior cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores) located in the front of the neck, below the hyoid bone
Lateral cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales) ifound in the lateral neck region, near the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Retropharyngeal cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici retropharyngeales)

By combining these two aspects, the following classification emerges:

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

Superficial cervical lymph nodes are located in the lateral neck, along the external jugular vein on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. They connect to the deep cervical lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels.

Deep cervical lymph nodes

Anterior deep cervical lymph nodes

The anterior deep cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores profundi) include the following groups, all of which are named after their reference organ:

Prelaryngeal lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici praelaryngeales) – in front of the larynx
Thyroid lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici thyreoidei) – around the thyroid gland
Pretracheal lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici praetracheales) – in front of the trachea
Paratracheal lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici paratracheales) – beside the trachea

Lateral deep cervical lymph nodes

The lateral deep lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales profundi) include:

Lateral jugular lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici jugulares laterales)
Anterior jugular lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici jugulares anteriores) – both groups are positioned along the internal jugular vein
Jugulodigastric lymph node (Nodus lymphaticus jugulodigastricus) – at the junction of the internal jugular vein and the digastric muscle
Juguloomohyoid lymph node (Nodus lymphaticus juguloomohyoideus) – located at the internal jugular vein, above the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid muscle
Supraclavicular lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici supraclaviculares) – found above the clavicle

The juguloomohyoid and supraclavicular lymph nodes are sometimes referred to as the lower deep cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales inferiores profundi), as described in Gray.

The submental (Nodi lymphatici submentales) and submandibular lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici submandibulares), located below the chin and along the lower jaw, are classified either as part of the head or neck, depending on the author.

...clinical

The most widely used clinical classification of cervical lymph nodes was established by the American Academy of Otolaryngology. It divides the lymph nodes into six levels, according to Robbins:

Level	Lymph nodes
Level I	Submental and submandibular lymph nodes
Level II	Upper deep jugular (craniojugular) lymph nodes: from the skull base to the carotid bifurcation
Level III	Middle deep jugular (mediojugular) lymph nodes: from the carotid bifurcation to the junction of the omohyoid muscle and internal jugular vein
Level IV	Lower deep jugular (caudojugular) lymph nodes: from the crossing of the omohyoid muscle with the internal jugular vein to the clavicle
Level V	Lymph nodes in the posterior triangle of the neck ("accessory group")
Level VI	Lymph node group in the anterior triangle of the neck: includes parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, and pretracheal lymph nodes ("anterior compartment")

The level I lymph nodes can be further subdivided into:

Ia: submental lymph nodes and
Ib: submandibular lymph nodes

Clinic

Cervical lymph node enlargement (lymphadenopathy) can occur in systemic diseases (e.g., infectious mononucleosis, Hodgkin’s lymphoma) as well as in localized infections or malignant tumors of the head and neck region. Therefore, lymph node assessment is an essential part of a complete physical examination.

@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-{{Raw}}
 ==Definition==
-The '''cervical lymph nodes''' are the lymph nodes located in the neck area.
+The '''cervical lymph nodes''' are the [[Corpus:Lymph node|lymph nodes]] located in the [[Corpus:Neck|neck]] area.
 ==Classification==
-The more than 300 cervicofacial lymph nodes are very varied in terms of their number, distribution and location and are not uniformly described in the anatomical literature. In addition to the anatomical classifications, there are numerous clinical nomenclatures based on criteria relevant to oncology and surgery.
+There are more than 300 cervicofacial lymph nodes, which vary in number, distribution, and location. Their classification is not consistent across anatomical literature. In addition to anatomical classifications, various clinical nomenclatures exist, particularly in oncology and surgery.
 ===...anatomical===
-Anatomically, the cervical lymph nodes can be categorised according to two aspects:
+Anatomically, cervical lymph nodes can be classified based on two aspects:
-...according to their position in relation to the superficial leaf of the cervical fascia in
+...according to their position in relation to the superficial leaf of the [[Corpus:Cervical fascia|cervical fascia]]
-* superficial cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales) and
+* Superficial cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales)
-* deep cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales profundi)
+* Deep cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales profundi)
-...according to their location on the neck into
+...according to their location on the neck
-* anterior cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores) in the front of the neck below the hyoid bone,
+* Anterior cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores) located in the front of the neck, below the [[Corpus:Hyoid bone|hyoid bone]]
-* lateral cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales) in the lateral neck region and in the area of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and
+* Lateral cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales) ifound in the lateral neck region, near the [[Corpus:Sternocleidomastoid muscle|sternocleidomastoid muscle]]
-* retropharyngeal cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici retropharyngeales)
+* Retropharyngeal cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici retropharyngeales)
-Summarising both observations results in the following grid:
+By combining these two aspects, the following classification emerges:
 ====Superficial cervical lymph nodes====
-The superficial cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales) are located in the lateral neck area in the course of the external jugular vein on the sternocleidomastoid muscle. They are connected to the deep cervical lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels.
+Superficial cervical lymph nodes are located in the lateral neck, along the [[Corpus:External jugular vein|external jugular vein]] on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. They connect to the deep cervical lymph nodes via [[Corpus:Lymphatic vessel|lymphatic vessels]].
 ====Deep cervical lymph nodes====
 =====Anterior deep cervical lymph nodes=====
-The ''anterior deep cervical lymph nodes'' (Nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores profundi) include the following groups, all of which are named after their reference organ:
+The anterior deep cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales anteriores profundi) include the following groups, all of which are named after their reference [[Corpus:Organ|organ]]:
-* Nodi lymphatici praelaryngeales in the anterior region of the larynx
-* Nodi lymphatici thyreoidei around the thyroid gland
+* Prelaryngeal lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici praelaryngeales) – in front of the [[Corpus:Larynx|larynx]]
-* Nodi lymphatici praetracheales in front of the trachea (windpipe)
+* Thyroid lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici thyreoidei) – around the [[Corpus:Thyroid gland|thyroid gland]]
-* Nodi lymphatici paratracheales next to the trachea
+* Pretracheal lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici praetracheales) – in front of the [[Corpus:Trachea|trachea]]
+* Paratracheal lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici paratracheales) – beside the trachea
 =====Lateral deep cervical lymph nodes=====
-The ''lateral deep lymph nodes'' (Nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales profundi) include:
+The lateral deep lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales profundi) include:
-* Nodi lymphatici jugulares laterales
-* Nodi lymphatici jugulares anteriores, each orientated on the internal jugular vein
+* Lateral jugular lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici jugulares laterales)
-* Nodus lymphaticus jugulodigastricus at the junction of the internal jugular vein and the digastric muscle
+* Anterior jugular lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici jugulares anteriores) – both groups are positioned along the [[Corpus:Internal jugular vein|internal jugular vein]]
-* Nodus lymphaticus juguloomohyoideus at the internal jugular vein above the intermediate tendon of the omohyoideus muscle
+* Jugulodigastric lymph node (Nodus lymphaticus jugulodigastricus) – at the junction of the internal jugular vein and the [[Corpus:Digastric muscle|digastric muscle]]
-* Nodi lymphatici supraclaviculares above the clavicle
+* Juguloomohyoid lymph node (Nodus lymphaticus juguloomohyoideus) – located at the internal jugular vein, above the intermediate [[Corpus:Tendon|tendon]] of the [[Corpus:Omohyoid muscle|omohyoid muscle]]
+* Supraclavicular lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici supraclaviculares) – found above the [[Corpus:Clavicle|clavicle]]
-The last two groups of lymph nodes are also referred to (e.g. by Gray) as ''lower deep cervical lymph nodes'' (Nodi lymphatici cervicales inferiores profundi).
+The juguloomohyoid and supraclavicular lymph nodes are sometimes referred to as the lower deep cervical lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici cervicales inferiores profundi), as described in Gray.
-The nodi lymphatici submentales and the nodi lymphatici submandibulares located below the chin or on the lower jaw are assigned to the head by some authors and to the neck by others.
+The submental (Nodi lymphatici submentales) and submandibular lymph nodes (Nodi lymphatici submandibulares), located below the chin and along the [[Corpus:Lower jaw|lower jaw]], are classified either as part of the [[Corpus:Head|head]] or neck, depending on the author.
 ===...clinical===
-The most commonly used clinical classification of the cervical lymph nodes was developed by the American Academy of Otolaryngology and is based on a subdivision of the cervical lymph nodes into six levels according to Robbins:
+The most widely used clinical classification of cervical lymph nodes was established by the American Academy of Otolaryngology. It divides the lymph nodes into six levels, according to Robbins:
 {|table
@@ Zeile 52: / Zeile 53: @@
 | Level I || Submental and submandibular lymph nodes
 |-
-| Level II || Upper deep jugular (craniojugular) lymph nodes: Cranial base to carotid bifurcation
+| Level II || Upper deep jugular (craniojugular) lymph nodes: from the skull base to the carotid bifurcation
 |-
-| Level III || Middle deep jugular (mediojugular) lymph nodes: Carotid bifurcation to junction of omohyoid muscle with internal jugular vein
+| Level III || Middle deep jugular (mediojugular) lymph nodes: from the carotid bifurcation to the junction of the omohyoid muscle and internal jugular vein
 |-
-| Level IV || Lower deep jugular (caudojugular) lymph nodes: Crossing of the omohyoid muscle with the internal jugular vein to the clavicle
+| Level IV || Lower deep jugular (caudojugular) lymph nodes: from the crossing of the omohyoid muscle with the internal jugular vein to the clavicle
 |-
-| Level V || Lymph node group in the lateral neck triangle "Accessorius group"
+| Level V || Lymph nodes in the posterior triangle of the neck ("accessory group")
 |-
-| Level VI || Lymph node group in the anterior triangle of the neck: parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal and pretracheal, "anterior compartment"
+| Level VI || Lymph node group in the anterior triangle of the neck: includes parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, and pretracheal lymph nodes ("anterior compartment")
 |-
 |}
-The level I lymph nodes can be further subdivided into
+The level I lymph nodes can be further subdivided into:
-* Ia: submental lymph node group and
+* Ia: submental lymph nodes and
-* Ib: submandibular lymph node group
+* Ib: submandibular lymph nodes
 ==Clinic==
-Lymphadenopathy of the cervical lymph nodes occurs both in systemic diseases (e.g. mononucleosis infectiosa, Hodgkin's disease) and in local inflammations or malignant tumours of the orofacial region. It is therefore an obligatory component of the whole-body examination.
+Cervical lymph node enlargement (lymphadenopathy) can occur in systemic diseases (e.g., infectious mononucleosis, Hodgkin’s lymphoma) as well as in localized infections or malignant tumors of the head and neck region. Therefore, lymph node assessment is an essential part of a complete physical examination.
 [[Kategorie:Corpus]]
 [[Kategorie:Lymph node]]