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Synonym: digitus pedis I
Definition
The term big toe refers to the 1st toe located on the medial side of the foot, which, unlike the other toes, consists of only two phalanges (phalanges).
Anatomy
The big toe is the strongest toe. Its free mobility is essential for the rolling movement of the foot. The proximal phalanx of the big toe articulates with the Os metatarsale I in the metatarsophalangeal joint. An interphalangeal joint is located between the proximal and distal phalanx. The joints are stabilised by ligaments.
The two heads of the adductor hallucis muscle attach laterally to the base of the proximal phalanx and the abductor hallucis muscle medially. The flexor hallucis longus and brevis muscles are responsible for flexing the big toe. The extensor hallucis longus and brevis muscles are responsible for extension.
Clinic
Unguis incarnatus is a common medical problem of the big toe. Foot deformities result in malpositions of the big toe (hallux valgus, hallux varus). The stiffening of the big toe in the metatarsophalangeal joint is called hallux rigidus.